Successive Approximations

Definition

Successive approximations, often referred to as shaping, is a method originating from the realm of behavioral psychology, specifically operant conditioning. This term is defined as the process of incrementally changing or shaping a behavior by rewarding actions that increasingly resemble the desired behavior. Each rewarded action, or step, brings the individual closer to the ultimate behavioral goal, hence they are deemed as ‘successive approximations.’ The reinforcement of these progressive actions leads to the ultimate attainment of the final desired behavior.

The Role of Reinforcement in Successive Approximations

In the context of successive approximations, reinforcement is the cornerstone that facilitates the change in behavior. A reward, which can be anything from a verbal praise to a tangible treat, is given after each step that moves closer to the final desired behavior. The reinforcement increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. It’s the driving force behind the person or animal making the next move towards the overall goal.

Examples of Successive Approximations

Training Pets

A common example of successive approximations is in training pets, particularly dogs. For instance, if you’re teaching your dog to fetch, you would first reward the dog for looking at the ball, then for moving towards it, next for touching it, and so on, until the dog successfully fetches the ball.

Children Learning Skills

In a more human context, successive approximations are often employed in teaching new skills to children. Let’s take the example of teaching a child to tie their shoelaces. The first step might be to reward the child for crossing one lace over the other. The next step could be to reinforce making a loop with one lace, and so on, until they can tie their shoelaces independently.

The Influence of Successive Approximations in Therapies

Successive approximations play a pivotal role in different therapies, including physical therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. For instance, a person recovering from a stroke might be reinforced for small movements before working up to larger, more complex ones. Or, someone with a fear of spiders might first be reinforced for looking at a picture of a spider, then for being in the same room as a spider, and so forth.

Understanding and implementing the concept of successive approximations can be a powerful tool for behavior change, skill acquisition, and therapeutic processes. Through a series of small, rewarded steps, individuals can be guided towards achieving desired complex behaviors.