Successive Approximations

Definition

Successive approximations, often referred to as shaping, is a method derived from behavioral psychology, particularly operant conditioning. It is defined as the process of gradually changing or shaping a behavior by rewarding actions that increasingly resemble the desired behavior. Each rewarded action, or step, brings the individual closer to the ultimate goal, hence they are deemed as ‘successive approximations.’ The reinforcement of these progressive actions eventually leads to the attainment of the final desired behavior.

The Role of Reinforcement

In the method of successive approximations, also known as shaping, reinforcement plays a vital role. Reinforcements can be either positive (introducing a pleasing stimulus) or negative (removing an unpleasant stimulus). These reinforcements are provided when an individual displays behavior that is a step towards the desired behavior. The reinforcement strengthens the behavior, making it more likely to occur again.

The Process of Shaping Behavior

The concept of successive approximations is more than just a method. It’s a strategic approach that is applied in a step-by-step, incremental manner. Here’s a breakdown of the process:

Identifying the Target Behavior

The first step involves clearly defining the desired behavior. This is the end goal that the individual or subject is being guided towards through successive approximations.

Setting the Baseline

After identifying the target behavior, the current behavior or the baseline is established. This serves as the starting point from which changes in behavior are measured.

Developing Successive Steps

Next, a series of incremental steps or stages are established. Each step represents a behavior that is closer to the target behavior than the last.

Reinforcing Approximations

Every time an individual exhibits a behavior closer to the target, they receive a reinforcement. This encourages repetition of the improved behavior.

Gradual Progression

The process continues with the individual gradually progressing through each step, moving closer to the final desired behavior.

Examples of Successive Approximations

In Animal Training

Successive approximations are commonly used in animal training. For example, if a dog trainer wants to train a dog to fetch, the trainer might first reward the dog for turning towards the ball, then for moving towards the ball, then for touching the ball, and so on, until the dog has learned to fetch.

In Child Development

This concept is also applied in teaching new skills to children, especially those with developmental challenges. For instance, a child learning to write might first be praised for holding a pencil, then for making marks on paper, then for attempting to form letters, gradually leading up to writing words.

In Rehabilitation Therapy

In physical and occupational therapy, successive approximations are used to help patients regain or develop abilities. For example, a person recovering from a stroke might first work on basic motor skills before gradually progressing to more complex tasks.

In Conclusion

The method of successive approximations is a powerful tool in psychology, education, animal training, therapy, and more. By understanding and applying this process, we can guide behaviors in a positive direction, facilitating learning and growth one step at a time.