Nuremberg Code:

  1. Preamble:

    2. The Preamble of the Nuremberg Code outlines the importance of conducting medical experiments on human subjects in an ethical manner, emphasizing voluntary consent, avoidance of unnecessary harm, and benefits to society.

  2. Basic Principles:

    3. The Basic Principles as stated in the Nuremberg Code include voluntary consent, scientific rationale, avoidance of unnecessary physical and mental suffering, assurance of expected benefits, and termination if risks outweigh benefits.

  3. Voluntary Consent:

    4. This principle emphasizes that human subjects involved in experiments must have the ability to exercise free will and provide informed consent without coercion, deceit, or duress.

  4. Experiments should yield positive results:

    5. Any experiment conducted should have a sound basis in previous animal experimentation and knowledge of the natural history of the disease or condition being studied. The experiment should be expected to yield positive results for the good of society.

  5. Scientific necessity:

    6. This principle states that the experiment should be necessary to acquire vital information unobtainable by other means, and should not be random or conducted for frivolous reasons.

  6. Avoidance of unnecessary harm and suffering:

    7. Any experiment should be conducted in a way that avoids unnecessary physical and mental suffering, and should minimize the potential for injury, disability, or death of the subject.

  7. No experiment when risks outweigh benefits:

    8. If there is a high probability of causing serious harm or death, the experiment should not be conducted, even if voluntary consent has been obtained.

  8. Preparation and qualifications:

    9. Experiments should be conducted only by qualified and scientifically trained individuals who are well-prepared for the research and capable of minimizing potential risks or harm to subjects.

  9. Protection of subject’s rights:

    10. All necessary steps should be taken to protect the rights, safety, and well-being of human subjects throughout the experiment. The subject should retain the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time.

  10. Termination of experiment:

    11. If it becomes evident that continuation of the experiment would likely result in injury, disability, or death of the subject, the experiment should be immediately terminated.

  11. Benefits to society should outweigh risks:

    12. The potential benefits resulting from the experiment should outweigh the risks and foreseeable consequences to the subject or society as a whole.