The retina is a layer of neural tissue located at the back of the eyeball that is responsible for receiving and processing visual information. It plays a crucial role in our ability to perceive images and colors.

The retina contains specialized cells called photoreceptors, which convert light into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. It consists of several layers, including the outermost layer called the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which provides support and nourishment to the other layers.

Within the retina, there are two main types of photoreceptors:

1. Rods: These cells are highly sensitive to light and are responsible for vision in low-light conditions. They do not distinguish colors but are essential for motion detection and peripheral vision.
2. Cones: These cells are responsible for color vision and visual acuity. They are less sensitive to light compared to rods but provide detailed information about the shape, color, and clarity of the objects we see.

As light passes through the eye, it first encounters the cornea and then the lens, which focus the incoming light onto the retina. The specialized cells in the retina then convert this light energy into electrical signals, which are transmitted via the optic nerve to the brain for further processing and interpretation.

Various diseases and conditions can affect the health and function of the retina, leading to vision problems or even blindness. Regular eye examinations and proper care are important to maintain the well-being of the retina and overall eye health.