Definition:
Psychogenic purpura, also known as Gardner-Diamond syndrome or autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome, is a rare psychological disorder characterized by the spontaneous occurrence of painful bruising on the skin without any apparent underlying cause or trauma. It is believed to be a psychosomatic condition, where emotional or psychological factors contribute to the development of the symptoms.

Subtypes:
Psychoemotional Purpura: This subtype of psychogenic purpura is associated with intense emotional stress or trauma. The development of bruising is thought to be a direct result of emotional disturbances such as anxiety, depression, or high levels of stress.

Factitious Purpura: In this subtype, the individual intentionally causes self-inflicted injuries to the skin, leading to the appearance of bruises. The motivation behind such self-harm behavior is often associated with an underlying psychological condition, such as borderline personality disorder or factitious disorder imposed on self.

Clinical Presentation:
Psychogenic purpura primarily affects women, particularly those with a history of emotional instability or psychiatric disorders. The characteristic feature of this condition is the sudden onset of painful purplish or dark red bruising on various parts of the body, including the arms, legs, and trunk. These bruises often appear without any clear cause and are not associated with significant trauma or injury. The affected areas may also experience tenderness, swelling, or warmth.

Underlying Mechanism:
The exact mechanism behind psychogenic purpura remains unclear. However, it is believed to involve a disturbance in blood vessel wall permeability due to abnormal neurotransmitter release. Emotional stress or trauma is thought to trigger the release of certain substances that cause blood vessels to become leaky, leading to the extravasation of red blood cells and subsequent bruising.

Diagnosis:
Diagnosing psychogenic purpura can be challenging as there are no specific tests available to confirm the disorder. The diagnosis is typically based on the clinical presentation and ruling out other potential causes of bruising, such as underlying medical conditions or medication usage. A thorough psychiatric evaluation may also be conducted to assess the individual’s emotional well-being and identify any underlying psychological factors contributing to the symptoms.

Treatment:
The treatment of psychogenic purpura primarily focuses on addressing the underlying psychological factors contributing to the condition. Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), is often recommended to help individuals manage stress, identify triggers, and develop coping mechanisms. In some cases, pharmacological interventions may be considered to alleviate associated symptoms, such as anxiety or depression. Supportive measures, including patient education and reassurance, are essential components of the management plan.