Definition of Myelination:

Myelination is a biological process involving the development and formation of myelin, a protective covering or sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Key Processes:

Myelination encompasses several key processes:

• Production of myelin-forming cells called oligodendrocytes in the CNS, and Schwann cells in the PNS.
• Extension and wrapping of these cells around nerve fibers, creating a multilayered myelin sheath.
• Deposition of fatty substances, primarily lipids, within the myelin sheath to provide electrical insulation and enhance signal conduction.

Importance:

Myelination plays a crucial role in the efficient transmission of electrical impulses along nerve fibers. It enhances the speed and reliability of communication between different regions of the nervous system, thereby facilitating various physiological processes and cognitive functions.

Timeline of Myelination:

The process of myelination starts in early stages of embryonic development and continues throughout infancy and adolescence. However, full myelination of the CNS typically occurs by early adulthood.

Implications of Myelination Disorders:

Disruptions in myelination can lead to various neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), leukodystrophies, and peripheral neuropathies. These conditions can result in impaired motor control, sensory dysfunction, and cognitive deficits.