Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development is a theory proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, that outlines the different levels and stages individuals go through in their moral reasoning and decision-making abilities.
Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
In the pre-conventional level, moral reasoning is based on external consequences rather than internalized values. It consists of two stages:
- Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation: Individuals obey rules to avoid punishment.
- Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange: Individuals make decisions based on their self-interests and may engage in reciprocity.
Level 2: Conventional Morality
In the conventional level, moral reasoning is influenced by societal norms and expectations. It consists of two stages:
- Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships: Individuals make decisions based on gaining approval and maintaining social relationships.
- Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order: Individuals adhere to laws and societal rules for the overall well-being of the community.
Level 3: Post-conventional Morality
In the post-conventional level, moral reasoning is guided by a personal set of ethical principles. It consists of two stages:
- Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights: Individuals recognize the importance of social contracts and individual rights, and may challenge unjust laws.
- Stage 6: Universal Principles: Individuals develop their own ethical principles and act accordingly, regardless of societal norms or consequences.
It is important to note that not everyone reaches the highest stages of moral development, and individuals may fluctuate between stages depending on the situation and their experiences.