Definition of Inductive Reasoning:

Inductive reasoning is a logical process in which observations and evidence are used to make generalizations and form conclusions about patterns and trends.

Key Features of Inductive Reasoning:

• Observations: Inductive reasoning is based on specific observations or pieces of evidence.
• Generalizations: It involves making generalizations or forming hypotheses based on the observed patterns.
• Prediction: It allows predictions to be made about future occurrences or events.
• Probabilistic: Inductive reasoning provides conclusions that are not guaranteed to be true, but are considered probable based on the available evidence.

Examples of Inductive Reasoning:

1. After observing that 10 out of 10 apples picked from a tree are red, one may conclude that all apples on that tree are likely to be red.

2. Based on past experience of successfully hailing a taxi during rush hour, one may generalize that taxis are more readily available during busy traffic times.

3. Upon realizing that every time it rains, the streets become wet, an individual may predict that if it rains again, the streets will be wet.

Comparison with Deductive Reasoning:

Inductive reasoning differs from deductive reasoning in that it does not aim to provide absolute certainty.

Deductive reasoning starts with general premises and uses logical principles to derive specific conclusions. It operates from the top-down approach, whereas inductive reasoning operates from the bottom-up.

While inductive reasoning allows for the discovery of new ideas or hypotheses, deductive reasoning is useful for testing the validity of existing theories or hypotheses.