Hepatic Cirrhosis

Hepatic cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis, is a chronic and progressive liver disease characterized by the irreversible scarring and fibrosis of the liver tissue. This scarring disrupts the normal structure of the liver and impairs its function, leading to various complications.

Causes

Hepatic cirrhosis can have several causes, including:

  • Alcohol abuse: Prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption is a leading cause of cirrhosis.
  • Hepatitis: Chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and autoimmune hepatitis can result in cirrhosis if left untreated.
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Accumulation of fat in the liver due to obesity, insulin resistance, or metabolic syndrome.
  • Genetic disorders: Inherited conditions such as hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can lead to cirrhosis.
  • Chronic biliary obstruction: Prolonged blockage of the bile ducts due to gallstones, tumors, or strictures.

Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of hepatic cirrhosis may vary depending on the severity of the disease, but common manifestations include:

  • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
  • Abdominal pain and swelling
  • Unintentional weight loss
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Loss of appetite and nausea
  • Easy bruising and bleeding tendency
  • Impaired cognitive function and confusion (hepatic encephalopathy)

Complications

Hepatic cirrhosis can give rise to various complications, including:

  • Portal hypertension: Increased blood pressure in the portal vein, leading to the development of varices and potential internal bleeding.
  • Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity causing swelling and discomfort.
  • Hepatic encephalopathy: Build-up of toxins in the brain due to liver dysfunction, resulting in cognitive impairment and altered consciousness.
  • Hepatorenal syndrome: Progressive kidney failure as a consequence of liver dysfunction.
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma: Cirrhosis increases the risk of developing liver cancer.

Treatment and Management

Although liver cirrhosis cannot be cured, its progression can be slowed, and complications can be managed through various approaches:

  • Lifestyle modifications, such as abstaining from alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet
  • Medications to control underlying causes or manage symptoms
  • Regular monitoring and screening for complications
  • Liver transplantation in severe cases
  • Supportive care and management of specific complications