GERD – Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Definition:

GERD, also known as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, is a chronic condition that occurs when stomach acid regularly flows back into the esophagus, causing persistent symptoms and potential damage to the lining of the esophagus.

Causes:

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscular ring located between the esophagus and stomach, normally prevents acid from flowing upward. However, in GERD, the LES weakens or relaxes abnormally, allowing stomach acid and occasionally bile to reflux into the esophagus.

Symptoms:

GERD symptoms may include heartburn, regurgitation of stomach acid into the mouth, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, chronic cough, hoarseness, and erosion or ulceration of the esophagus.

Diagnosis:

GERD is commonly diagnosed through a combination of medical history evaluation, symptom analysis, physical examination, and specialized tests, such as an upper endoscopy, pH monitoring, and esophageal manometry.

Treatment:

Treatment options for GERD include lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet and weight management, elevating the head of the bed), medications (e.g., antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors), and in more severe cases, surgical intervention to strengthen the LES or create a barrier preventing acid reflux.

Complications:

If left untreated, GERD can lead to complications such as esophagitis, strictures, Barrett’s esophagus (precancerous condition), respiratory problems, and dental issues due to exposure of tooth enamel to stomach acid.