Gene mapping is a scientific process that involves determining the location of specific genes on a chromosome or the entire genome. It helps in identifying the relative positions of genes and understanding their functions, interactions, and roles in various biological processes.

Gene mapping plays a crucial role in various fields such as genetics, genomics, and medicine. It aids in:

• Understanding Genetic Diseases: By locating disease-related genes, gene mapping assists in identifying the genetic variations responsible for various inherited disorders, thus promoting better diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
• Studying Complex Traits: Gene mapping helps in exploring the genetic basis of complex traits like height, intelligence, and susceptibility to diseases by identifying the multiple genes involved.
• Improving Agricultural Practices: It helps in mapping genes associated with desirable traits in crops and livestock, facilitating selective breeding to develop improved varieties and increase agricultural productivity.
• Evolving Personalized Medicine: Gene mapping enables the identification of genetic variations that influence individual drug responses, aiding in developing personalized treatment strategies and reducing adverse reactions.

Various techniques are employed in gene mapping, including:

• Linkage Analysis: This approach examines genetic markers and their co-inheritance with genes of interest within families to determine their relative positions on chromosomes.
• Association Studies: These studies investigate the association between specific genetic variations and the presence or absence of a particular trait or disease in large populations.
• Physical Mapping: Physical maps utilize techniques like fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and DNA sequencing to pinpoint the exact physical location of genes on chromosomes or within the genome.
• Sequencing: Advances in DNA sequencing technology have revolutionized gene mapping by allowing the determination of the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, aiding in identifying genes and their variations.