Definition

An extrauterine pregnancy, also known as an ectopic pregnancy, refers to the implantation and growth of a fertilized egg outside the uterus. Instead of developing in the uterus as is typical, the embryo implants itself in various locations within the female reproductive system, usually in the fallopian tubes. However, it can also occur in other rare sites such as the cervix, ovaries, or abdomen.

Causes

Several factors can increase the risk of an extrauterine pregnancy:

  • Previous ectopic pregnancy
  • Damage to the fallopian tubes, often from inflammation or infection
  • Abnormal tubal structure, for example, due to birth defects or surgical procedures
  • Endometriosis, a condition where tissue similar to uterine lining grows in other areas of the body
  • Fertility treatments, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF)
  • Smoking

Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of an extrauterine pregnancy may vary, but often include:

  • Abdominal pain or cramping, usually on one side
  • Vaginal bleeding, which may be light or heavy
  • Shoulder pain, resulting from internal bleeding irritating the diaphragm
  • Dizziness or fainting, caused by internal bleeding
  • Weakness and fatigue
  • Missed period
  • Positive pregnancy test

Diagnosis

Various diagnostic methods may be utilized to determine if an extrauterine pregnancy is present:

  • Transvaginal ultrasound, which can visualize the location of the embryo
  • Blood tests, such as measuring levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • Pelvic exam to assess for the presence of pain, tenderness, or abnormal masses

Treatment

Treatment options for an extrauterine pregnancy depend on several factors, including the location and size of the embryo, presence of complications, and the woman’s overall health:

  • Medication: In some cases, the administration of medication may effectively stop the growth of the embryo, allowing the body to reabsorb it over time.
  • Surgery: If the ectopic pregnancy poses a risk of rupture or has already ruptured, surgical intervention may be necessary. The fallopian tube containing the embryo may be removed (salpingectomy) or, in some cases, repaired (salpingostomy).
  • Expectant management: In certain situations, where the embryo is small and there is no immediate danger, a healthcare provider may choose to monitor the progression of the pregnancy closely without intervening.

It is crucial to seek prompt medical attention if an extrauterine pregnancy is suspected, as early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help prevent severe complications.