Ex Post Facto Research Design:

An ex post facto research design is a type of non-experimental research design that examines the relationship between independent variable(s) and dependent variable(s) based on existing data or events that have already occurred. In this design, the researcher does not manipulate the independent variable(s) but rather observes and analyzes the effects or relationships retrospectively.

Key Features of Ex Post Facto Research Design:

1. Non-Experimental: This design lacks the control of experimental manipulation, as the independent variable(s) have already occurred or been established outside the researcher’s control.
2. Observational: The researcher collects and analyzes data after the fact, without deliberately intervening or manipulating any variables.
3. Retrospective: The design focuses on studying events or conditions that have already taken place, often utilizing historical records, existing survey data, or archived information.
4. Correlational Analysis: Ex post facto research typically involves analyzing the possible relationships or associations between the independent and dependent variables without establishing causality.

Usage and Applications of Ex Post Facto Research Design:

Ex post facto research design is commonly used in social sciences, education, psychology, and other fields where manipulation of variables is not ethically or practically feasible. It allows researchers to study phenomena retrospectively, examine correlations, establish patterns, and generate hypotheses for future investigation.