Definition of Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that are caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. It explores how external factors and environmental conditions can influence gene activity and expression without altering the genetic code itself.
Subtopics within Epigenetics
- Epigenetic Modifications: Refers to the chemical changes that occur to the DNA and its associated proteins, which can determine whether genes are active or inactive.
- DNA Methylation: One of the most well-known epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation generally involves the addition of a methyl group to DNA molecules, thereby influencing gene expression.
- Histone Modifications: Histones are proteins that DNA wraps around, and modifications to these proteins can impact how tightly the DNA is packaged, affecting gene accessibility.
- Non-coding RNAs: Various types of RNA molecules that do not code for proteins, but instead play important roles in regulating gene expression through mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification.
- Environmental Influence: Investigates how external factors like diet, stress, toxins, and lifestyle choices can induce epigenetic changes and potentially be passed on to future generations.
- Development and Disease: Explores the role of epigenetics in embryonic development, aging, and the development of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
- Epigenetic Inheritance: The transmission of epigenetic marks from one generation to the next, with some evidence suggesting that certain epigenetic changes can be inherited.
Overall, epigenetics provides insights into how organisms can adapt and respond to their environment beyond the limitations of their genetic code.