Definition

Endometriosis is a chronic condition characterized by the abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus.

Cause

The exact cause of endometriosis is not fully understood, but several theories exist. These include:

  • Retrograde menstruation: Menstrual blood containing endometrial cells flows back through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity instead of leaving the body, allowing the cells to implant and grow.
  • Embryonic cell transformation: Hormonal or immune factors may transform embryonic cells outside the uterus into endometrial-like tissue.
  • Surgical scar implantation: Endometrial cells may attach to surgical incisions, such as a C-section scar, and develop into endometriosis.
  • Immune system disorder: An imbalance in the immune system can make the body unable to recognize and destroy endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus.
  • Hormonal imbalance: Estrogen dominance or increased estrogen levels can lead to abnormal endometrial growth.

Symptoms

Some common symptoms of endometriosis include:

  • Pelvic pain: Chronic or intermittent pain in the pelvic region, which may be severe during menstruation or intercourse.
  • Menstrual abnormalities: Heavy or irregular periods, prolonged menstrual bleeding, or spotting between periods.
  • Infertility: Difficulty getting pregnant due to structural abnormalities, adhesions, or hormonal factors associated with endometriosis.
  • Bowel and urinary problems: Symptoms like painful bowel movements, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, or pain during urination may occur.
  • Chronic fatigue: Many individuals with endometriosis experience excessive tiredness and lack of energy.

Treatment

Treatment options for endometriosis depend on the severity of symptoms, age, and future fertility plans. They may include:

  • Pain medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers or prescription drugs can help manage pain associated with endometriosis.
  • Hormonal therapy: Birth control pills, hormonal patches, or intrauterine devices (IUDs) may be prescribed to regulate hormone levels and reduce symptoms.
  • Surgery: Excision or ablation of endometriotic tissue may be performed to alleviate pain, remove adhesions, and improve fertility.
  • In vitro fertilization (IVF): Assisted reproductive technologies like IVF can help individuals with endometriosis conceive.
  • Complementary therapies: Techniques like acupuncture, yoga, dietary changes, or herbal supplements may be used to complement medical treatment.