Definition
Eclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by the onset of seizures or convulsions, typically occurring after the development of high blood pressure, known as gestational hypertension, during the second or third trimester.
Causes
Eclampsia is thought to be caused by the presence of placental abnormalities, such as impaired blood flow to the placenta, resulting in the release of substances into the mother’s bloodstream that lead to blood vessel constriction and organ damage. Additionally, it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of eclampsia.
Symptoms
The symptoms of eclampsia may include the following:
- Seizures
- Convulsions
- Severe headaches
- Visual disturbances (such as blurred vision or temporary loss of vision)
- Abdominal pain
- Swelling of the hands, face, or feet (edema)
- Decreased urine output
- Shortness of breath
- Confusion or altered mental state
- Nausea and vomiting
- Hyperactive reflexes
- Generalized malaise or feeling unwell
Treatment
Treatment for eclampsia aims to prevent seizures and manage the associated complications. It typically involves:
- Immediate hospitalization
- Administration of anticonvulsant medications to control seizures
- Monitoring the mother and baby’s vitals and overall health
- Bed rest and close observation to reduce the risk of injury during seizures
- Intravenous magnesium sulfate to prevent further seizures and protect the baby’s brain
- Administration of medications to lower blood pressure
- Delivery of the baby, usually through an emergency cesarean section, if the condition worsens or the pregnancy has reached a viable stage
Prevention
While the exact cause of eclampsia is unknown, there are preventive measures that can help reduce the risk, including:
- Regular prenatal care and monitoring of blood pressure
- A healthy diet and appropriate weight gain during pregnancy
- Avoidance of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit substances
- Following healthcare provider’s instructions regarding medication and prenatal supplements
- Early detection and management of conditions such as gestational hypertension or preeclampsia, which increase the risk of developing eclampsia