Conditioned Reinforcers Definition:

A conditioned reinforcer, also known as a secondary reinforcer, is a stimulus or event that gains reinforcing properties through its association with a primary reinforcer. Unlike primary reinforcers, which are inherently rewarding and satisfy basic needs (e.g., food, water), conditioned reinforcers acquire their value through an individual’s past experiences and learning.

Properties of Conditioned Reinforcers:

1. Learned Association: Conditioned reinforcers are initially neutral stimuli that become reinforcing due to their repeated pairing with a primary reinforcer. Through classical or operant conditioning, individuals learn to associate the conditioned reinforcer with the primary reinforcer, leading to the transfer of reinforcing properties to the conditioned stimulus.

2. Symbolic Value: Conditioned reinforcers often take the form of symbols or tokens that represent access to primary reinforcers. For example, money and praise are commonly used conditioned reinforcers, as they have no inherent value but can be exchanged for desired goods or social recognition.

3. Subjectivity: The reinforcing power of conditioned reinforcers varies across individuals based on their unique learning history and preferences. What may be reinforcing for one person may not be for another, highlighting the subjective nature of conditioned reinforcement.

4. Generalization: Conditioned reinforcers can generalize to related stimuli, meaning that stimuli similar to the original conditioned reinforcer can also evoke reinforcing effects. This generalization allows individuals to respond to a wider range of stimuli with the expectation of receiving reinforcement.

Examples of Conditioned Reinforcers:

1. Verbal Praise: Verbal praise is a common conditioned reinforcer that individuals learn to associate with approval and recognition. Through repeated pairing with positive experiences, the praise itself becomes reinforcing and can motivate desired behaviors.

2. Money: Money serves as a conditioned reinforcer in many societies, as it can be exchanged for various primary reinforcers like food, clothing, and entertainment. The value of money is learned and reinforced through repeated association with obtaining desirable goods and services.

3. Social Attention: Social attention, such as smiles, nods, or eye contact, can act as a conditioned reinforcer, particularly for individuals who thrive on social interaction. Receiving attention from others may increase the likelihood of engaging in particular behaviors.

4. Tokens or Points: Tokens or points earned in reward systems, such as in classrooms or behavioral programs, are examples of conditioned reinforcers. These symbols represent access to specific privileges, activities, or rewards, motivating individuals to earn and collect them.