Description:

A chromosome is a long, thread-like structure composed of DNA and proteins found inside the nucleus of a cell.

Structure:

Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules tightly coiled around proteins called histones. They are organized into linear segments known as genes, which contain the instructions necessary for the development and functioning of living organisms.

Types:

There are two types of chromosomes:

• Autosomes: These are the non-sex chromosomes, responsible for determining the traits unrelated to an organism’s sex.
• Sex chromosomes: These determine the sex of an organism. In humans, they are typically represented by X and Y chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes (XX) and males having one X and one Y chromosome (XY).

Role:

Chromosomes play a crucial role in the inheritance of genetic information from parents to offspring. During cell division, they replicate and distribute their DNA to ensure each new cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions.

Number:

The number of chromosomes varies among species. Humans, for example, typically have 46 chromosomes in every cell, arranged in 23 pairs.

Abnormalities:

Alterations in chromosomes, such as mutations, deletions, or rearrangements, can lead to genetic disorders or abnormalities. Examples include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.