Definition of Backup Reinforcer A Backup Reinforcer is a type of reinforcement strategy commonly used in behavior modification and conditioning. This technique involves providing an alternative or secondary reinforcer when the primary reinforcer is not readily available or deemed inappropriate for a particular situation. The backup reinforcer acts as a substitute for the primary reinforcer, […]
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Definition of Background Variable A background variable refers to a type of variable typically used in statistical analysis, which represents a condition or characteristic that can potentially influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables of a study. Unlike independent and dependent variables, background variables are not the focus of the research, but are
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Backfire Effect The Backfire Effect refers to a cognitive bias where a person’s beliefs or pre-existing opinions are strengthened, rather than revised, when presented with conflicting evidence or opposing information. Explanation When confronted with information that challenges one’s beliefs, the Backfire Effect causes individuals to become more resistant to changing their viewpoints. Instead of reconsidering
Baby Talk Definition: Baby Talk refers to a simplified and modified way of speaking that adults adopt when communicating with infants and young children. Overview: Baby Talk, also known as motherese or parentese, is characterized by a higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, and slower tempo compared to regular adult speech. It involves the use of shorter
Baby Brain Definition: Baby Brain refers to a temporary cognitive condition that affects pregnant women, characterized by forgetfulness, absentmindedness, and difficulty concentrating. Causes Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in hormone levels during pregnancy, primarily estrogen and progesterone, have been linked to cognitive changes that result in Baby Brain. Physical changes: The body undergoes various physiological changes during
Baby Blues Definition: The baby blues refer to a common emotional state that many new mothers experience after giving birth. Symptoms: Sadness and frequent bouts of crying Irritability and mood swings Feeling overwhelmed and anxious Difficulty sleeping Exhaustion and fatigue Lack of appetite Trouble focusing or making decisions Causes: The exact cause of baby blues
Babkin Reflex Babkin reflex is a primitive reflex that is typically observed in infants during the early stages of development. It involves an automatic response wherein the infant opens their mouth and turns their head in response to pressure applied to both palms simultaneously. Characteristics The Babkin reflex is characterized by the following features: Palmar
Babinski Reflex The Babinski reflex, also known as the Babinski sign, is a neurological response that occurs when the sole of the foot is stimulated. This reflex is commonly observed in infants, but it should typically disappear by the age of two. If the reflex persists or reappears in older children or adults, it may
Babbling The babbling stage refers to a crucial phase of language development during infancy and early childhood. Definition: Babbling is the production of repetitive syllables or combinations of sounds by infants between the ages of 6 and 12 months, irrespective of the language spoken in their environment. Characteristics: Babbling typically occurs after cooing and gooing
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Definition of Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon The Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon, also known as the frequency illusion, is a cognitive bias that occurs when a person comes across a relatively obscure or newly learned piece of information and then suddenly encounters that same information again shortly after. This creates the illusion that the information has a higher frequency of
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