Conditioned Response (CR) A Conditioned Response (CR) refers to an automatic response or behavior that is triggered in an organism as a result of a specific stimulus that has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). Overview A CR is acquired through a process known as classical conditioning, where an initially neutral stimulus, called […]
Conditioned Response CR Read More »
Conditioned Reinforcers Definition: A conditioned reinforcer, also known as a secondary reinforcer, is a stimulus or event that gains reinforcing properties through its association with a primary reinforcer. Unlike primary reinforcers, which are inherently rewarding and satisfy basic needs (e.g., food, water), conditioned reinforcers acquire their value through an individual’s past experiences and learning. Properties
Conditioned Reinforcers Read More »
Conditioned Inhibition Conditioned inhibition refers to a process in psychology where a conditioned stimulus (CS-) becomes associated with the absence or removal of an unconditioned stimulus (US), resulting in a decrease in the response or the conditioned response (CR) to the CS-. Conditioned Stimulus (CS-) The conditioned stimulus (CS-) is an initially neutral stimulus that,
Conditioned Inhibition Read More »
Definition of Conditioned Compensatory Response A Conditioned Compensatory Response (CCR) is a learned physiological reaction that occurs in response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that has been repeatedly associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US). The CCR is opposite in direction to the unconditioned response (UR) that would typically occur in response to the US. Components
Conditioned Compensatory Response Read More »
Conditional Probability Conditional probability is a mathematical concept that measures the likelihood of an event occurring given that another event has already occurred. It quantifies the probability of an outcome based on additional information or circumstances. Formula The conditional probability of event A given event B is expressed as: P(A | B) = P(A ∩
Conditional Probability Read More »
Condensation Definition: Condensation is the process through which a substance undergoes a change in state from a gas to a liquid due to a decrease in temperature. Explanation: This phenomenon occurs when the temperature of a gas or vapor drops below its dew point, causing the molecules to slow down and come closer together. As
Definition of Concurrent Validity Concurrent validity is a type of validity assessment that measures the extent to which the results of a new test or measurement correlate with the results of an established criterion test or measurement administered at the same time. Overview Concurrent validity is an important aspect of evaluating the accuracy and usefulness
Concurrent Validity Read More »
Definition of Concrete Thinking Concrete thinking refers to a cognitive style in which individuals predominantly perceive and understand situations and ideas based on literal and tangible information. This type of thinking relies on facts, firsthand experiences, and direct observations, rather than abstract or symbolic interpretations. Characteristics of Concrete Thinking Concrete thinking is characterized by: Literal
Concrete Thinking Read More »
Concrete Operational Stage of Development The Concrete Operational Stage of Development is a crucial phase in human cognitive development, which typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 11. At this stage, children acquire the ability to think logically about physical objects and events, demonstrating a more sophisticated understanding of the world. Characteristics During the
Concrete Operational Stage of Development Read More »
Definition: A concordance rate refers to the degree of similarity or agreement between two individuals with respect to a specific outcome or trait. It is often used in genetic and medical research to evaluate the likelihood of a particular trait or condition being present in both members of a pair, typically twins or siblings. Explanation:
