Catatonia:

Catatonia refers to a state of altered mental status characterized by marked disturbances in movement, behavior, and emotions.

Symptoms:

Catatonic individuals may display a variety of symptoms, including:

• Stupor: Extreme reduction in voluntary movement and responsiveness to the environment.
• Posturing: Assuming and holding unusual, rigid body positions for an extended period of time.
• Agitation: Excitement, restlessness, and increased overall activity levels.
• Waxy flexibility: The limbs of the individual can be manipulated and placed in certain positions, which they will maintain even when it is physically uncomfortable.
• Mutism: Absence or minimal speech, or exclusive reliance on non-verbal forms of communication.

Causes:

There are various factors that can contribute to the development of catatonia:

• Underlying psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
• Medical conditions including encephalitis, brain injury, or metabolic abnormalities.
• Severe emotional or psychological trauma.
• Withdrawal from certain medications or substance abuse.

Treatment:

Management of catatonia primarily involves addressing the underlying cause:

• Medication: Benzodiazepines or muscle relaxants may be administered to relieve symptoms.
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): In severe cases, where other treatments have failed, ECT may be considered.
• Hospitalization and supportive care: For safety reasons, individuals with catatonia may require hospitalization until symptoms improve.
• Psychotherapy: Counselling and therapy can help individuals cope with any associated psychological or emotional distress.