Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants. They are derived from barbituric acid and function by depressing the activity of the brain and nervous system.

Barbiturates exert their effects by enhancing the inhibitory action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that reduces brain activity. This results in a sedative and hypnotic effect on the user, inducing sleep and relaxation.

Barbiturates were historically used to treat various conditions, such as anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy, and as anesthetics for surgery. However, their usage has declined due to the development of safer and less addictive alternatives.

Barbiturates can cause a range of side effects, including drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, impaired coordination, respiratory depression, and potential overdose leading to coma or death. Prolonged use or abrupt discontinuation of barbiturates can also result in withdrawal symptoms.

Barbiturates carry significant risks of physical and psychological dependence, abuse, and addiction. Long-term use of these drugs can lead to tolerance, where higher doses are required to achieve the desired effects.

The recreational use of barbiturates is illegal in most countries due to their high abuse potential and associated risks. However, they may still be prescribed under strict medical supervision for specific cases.