Backward Conditioning:

Backward conditioning is a type of Pavlovian conditioning in which a neutral stimulus is followed by a conditioned stimulus and leads to the formation of an association between the two stimuli. In this form of conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus, which is contrary to the typical forward conditioning.

Backward Pairing:

Backward pairing is a specific type of backward conditioning in which the pairing of a conditioned stimulus (CS) and a neutral stimulus (NS) occurs with the CS presented before the NS. This pairing aims to establish an association between the CS and NS, resulting in the NS acquiring the ability to elicit a conditioned response.