Atherosclerosis:

Definition:

Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of plaque (fatty deposits) on the inner walls of arteries, leading to their narrowing and hardening. It is considered a major underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases.

Causes:

1. Lipid Abnormalities:

Athersclerosis is often initiated by the accumulation of lipids, such as cholesterol, within arterial walls. High levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides, combined with low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), contribute to the formation of fatty plaques.

2. Chronic Inflammation:

Endothelial cells lining the arteries may become damaged due to factors like smoking, high blood pressure, or infections. This triggers an inflammatory response, attracting white blood cells and promoting the accumulation of cholesterol and other inflammatory cells within the arterial walls.

3. Oxidative Stress:

When excess free radicals and reactive oxygen species overwhelm the body’s antioxidant defenses, oxidative stress occurs. This oxidative stress can lead to oxidative damage of the arterial cells, promoting the progression of atherosclerosis.

Symptoms:

1. Angina:

Individuals with atherosclerosis may experience chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, known as angina. This can occur during physical activity or emotional stress.

2. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD):

When atherosclerosis affects the arteries supplying the limbs, it can lead to PAD. Symptoms may include leg pain, numbness, weak pulse, and slow wound healing.

3. Ischemic Stroke:

Blockage of arteries leading to the brain may cause an ischemic stroke. Symptoms include sudden weakness or paralysis, slurred speech, and vision problems.

Treatment:

1. Lifestyle Modifications:

Adopting a healthy lifestyle by following a balanced diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and managing weight and stress levels can help prevent and manage atherosclerosis.

2. Medications:

Various drugs, such as statins, antiplatelet agents, or blood pressure medications, may be prescribed to control cholesterol levels, reduce blood clotting, or manage hypertension.

3. Invasive Procedures:

In severe cases, medical interventions like angioplasty (using a balloon or stent to widen the arteries) or bypass surgery (rerouting blood flow around blocked arteries) may be necessary to treat atherosclerosis.