Anal Stage

The anal stage is the second psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development. This stage occurs between the ages of 1 and 3 years old, during which the child’s pleasure-seeking focus shifts to the anal region.

Characteristics

During the anal stage, children experience pleasure and derive satisfaction from the expelling or withholding of feces. Freud believed that conflicts during this stage could have long-term effects on an individual’s personality development.

Toilet Training

One of the major events during the anal stage is toilet training. This is when children learn to control their bowel movements and urination. Successful toilet training is believed to contribute to the development of self-control and independence.

Anal Expulsive and Anal Retentive Personalities

Freud proposed that conflicts during toilet training could lead to the development of two contrasting personality types. The anal expulsive personality is characterized by messiness, carelessness, and a lack of self-control. On the other hand, the anal retentive personality is characterized by being overly organized, rigid, and controlling.

Fixation

If a child experiences difficulties or trauma during toilet training, Freud suggested that an anal fixation could occur. This fixation may lead to personality traits related to excessive orderliness, stinginess, and perfectionism in adulthood.